[75] However, the Janata government's home minister, Choudhary Charan Singh, ordered her arrest along with Sanjay Gandhi on several charges, none of which would be easy to prove in an Indian court. [5] In the Congress Party's parliamentary leadership election held in early 1966 (upon the death of Shastri), she defeated her rival Morarji Desai to become leader, and thus succeeded Shastri as Prime Minister of India. "[45] Regardless of the controversy over the nature of the reforms, the long-term effects of the social changes gave rise to the prominence of middle-ranking farmers from intermediate and lower castes in North India. Gandhi declared the people of Indian origin settled in Africa as "Ambassadors of India". While some others have served the country by being the prolific members of the Parliament. Rajiv took office as prime minister following his mother's assassinationin 1984; he served until December 1989. This established the official government policy of bilingualism in India and satisfied the non-Hindi speaking Indian states. She has been described by Hindustan Times columnist, Pankaj Vohra, as "arguably the greatest mass leader of the last century. [146] Gandhi was unhappy with the lack of support from India's Arab allies during the war with Pakistan, while the Shah was apprehensive at the growing friendship between Pakistan and Arab states of the Persian Gulf, especially Saudi Arabia, and the growing influence of Islam in Pakistani society. Every drop of my blood ... will contribute to the growth of this nation and to make it strong and dynamic. Print. 6 by the People's Republic of China. By appealing to the economic grievances of developing countries, Gandhi and her successors exercised a moderating influence on the Non-aligned movement, diverting it from some of the Cold War issues that marred the controversial 1979 Havana meeting where Cuban leader Fidel Castro attempted to steer the movement towards the Soviet Union. [211], Gandhi contributed to, and carried out further, the vision of Jawaharlal Nehru, former premier of India, to develop its nuclear program. [25] At Oxford, she did well in history, political science and economics, but her grades in Latin—a compulsory subject—remained poor. There are many things to learn about Indira Gandhi and her works. As a young woman, Indira was admitted to Oxford University but driven out for non-performance. [141] India was victorious in the resulting Siachen conflict against Pakistan. In 1974, India ceded the tiny islet of Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka to save Bandaranaike's socialist government from a political disaster. Indira Gandhi, Letters to an American Friend. Spouse: Feroze Gandhi. Indira Gandhi was born Indira Nehru on 19 November, 1917, in Allahabad to Kamala and Jawaharlal Nehru. [14] She had a lonely and unhappy childhood. She had a rocky start after agreeing to devalue the rupee which created hardship for Indian businesses and consumers. Initially, her younger son Sanjay had been her chosen heir, but after his death in a flying accident in June 1980, Gandhi persuaded her reluctant elder son Rajiv to quit his job as a pilot and enter politics in February 1981. She enjoyed cordial relations with Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike. [32][88], Her PMO office staff included H.Y.Sharada Prasad as her information adviser and speechwriter. He was assassinated after only a few months in office. Before the war, Gandhi signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviets. The political parties in India paid substantial attention to Gandhi's gender before she became prime minister, hoping to use her for political gain. [193] After nationalisation, the oil majors such as the Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), the Hindustan Petroleum Corporation (HPCL) and the Bharat Petroleum Corporation (BPCL) had to keep a minimum stock level of oil, to be supplied to the military when needed. In 1975, Gandhi declared the state of Jammu and Kashmir as a constituent unit of India. [4] She was elected President of the Indian National Congress in 1959. [144] However, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 presented a dilemma for the Arab and Muslim states of the Middle East as the war was fought by two states both friendly to the Arabs. [160] In 1981, Gandhi met President Ronald Reagan for the first time at the North–South Summit held to discuss global poverty. That year, India was drawn into a bloody conflict between East and West Pakistan, with some 10 million Pakistanis seeking refuge in India. She served as prime minister from January 1966 to March 1977 and again from January 1980 until her assassination in October 1984, making her the second longest-serving Indian prime minister after her father.[3]. [94] In July 1982, he led the campaign for the implementation of the Anandpur Resolution, which demanded greater autonomy for the Sikh-majority state. Indira Gandhi, Letters to an American Friend. © 2021 Biography and the Biography logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks, LLC. [191] Nationalisation also resulted in significant growth in the geographic coverage of banks; the number of bank branches rose from 8,200 to over 62,000, most of which were opened in unbanked, rural areas. As early as 1969, critics had begun accusing her of insincerity and machiavellianism. 1944) and Sanjay (b. [181] During Charan Singh's short time in office in the second half of 1979, inflation averaged 18.2%, compared to 6.5% during Gandhi's last year in office (1984). "[237] At another point, she went into more detail: "To a woman, motherhood is the highest fulfilment ... To bring a new being into this world, to see its perfection and to dream of its future greatness is the most moving of all experiences and fills one with wonder and exaltation. Indira Gandhi, The 'Son' The Family Never Had And The Daughter Who Broke The Caste Orthodoxy When Indira was born, Hutheesingh remembered the Scottish doctor who was attending to Kamla Nehru announced to Jawaharlal Nehru: “It is a bonny lassie, Sir!” By: Rasheed Kidwai Updated: 19 November 2020, 10:08 AM (IST) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru poses with his daughter Indira Gandhi, 25 … [123] Nixon later wrote of the war: "[Gandhi] suckered [America]. on, 7. The Kashmir conflict remained largely peaceful if frozen under Gandhi's premiership. Indira Gandhi was a famous Indian politician and the third Prime Minister of India. Case Study: Smt. However, Gandhi rejected calls to resign. Gandhi not only abandoned the short-lived liberalisation programme but also aggressively expanded the public sector with new licensing requirements and other restrictions for industry. He never promoted his family. Indira Gandhi Family Photos listed below. The insurgents soon agreed to surrender and signed the Shillong Accord in 1975. [150] Gandhi firmly tied Indian anti-imperialist interests in Africa to those of the Soviet Union. India maintained cordial relations with most of the members during Gandhi's time in power. Rajiv Gandhi got married to Sonia Gandhi on 25 February 1968. Father: Jawaharlal Nehru. [77] However, this strategy backfired disastrously. [194], In 1966, Gandhi accepted the demands of the Akalis to reorganise Punjab on linguistic lines. She was then admitted to Shantiniketan University, but Guru Dev Rabindranath Tagore chased her out for bad conduct as well. "[163] Critics have focused on the contradictions in the evolution of her stance towards communism. I don't believe in words at all. [41] Grain diplomacy and currency devaluation became matters of intense national pride in India. The political economist, Jyotindra Das Gupta, cryptically questioned "...whether or not the real supporters of land-holders were in jail or in power? In 1971, Indira faced a crisis when troops from … With so little in common, the Morarji Desai government was bogged down by infighting. The Indian Libertarian, Volume 15–17. [41][45] The government responded by taking steps to liberalise the economy and agreeing to the devaluation of the currency in return for the restoration of foreign aid. She had to make repeated trips to Switzerland to recover, disrupting her studies. For their part, the previously voiceless poor would at last gain both political worth and political weight. [165] In contrast to the reception of Gandhi's earlier economic plan, this one was criticised for being a "hastily thrown together wish list. [119], After leading India to victory against Pakistan in the Bangladesh liberation war in 1971, President V. V. Giri awarded Gandhi with India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna. [170] Gandhi personally had a fuzzy concept of socialism. Genovese, Michael A., ed. Nov 5, 2018 - Explore Abdha Shaikh 's board "Indira Gandhi with family", followed by 213 people on Pinterest. Meanwhile, a small group of Sikhs, including some of Bhindranwale's followers, turned to militancy after being targeted by government officials and police for supporting the Anandpur Resolution. 1969. Gandhi survived party in-fighting, emerging as a popular leader thanks in part to efforts to revitalize the farming industry. The army used heavy artillery, including tanks, in the action code-named Operation Blue Star. 30. Indira gandhi was a authoritarian leader who ruled for herself and not for the people’s benefit. Tony Blair was the leader of the British Labour Party from 1994 to 2007, and prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007. The slogan was developed in response to the combined opposition alliance's use of the two word manifesto—"Indira Hatao" (Remove Indira). Childhood & Early Life. Indira Nehru Gandhi vs. Shri Raj Narain and Anr. She managed to enter England in early 1941, and from there returned to India without completing her studies at Oxford. She was the first and, to date, the only female Prime Minister of India. At the beginning of her first term as prime minister, she was widely criticised by the media and the opposition as a "Goongi goodiya" (Hindi for a "dumb doll" or "puppet") of the Congress party bosses who had orchestrated her election and then tried to constrain her. [165], The Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974–79) was enacted against the backdrop of the state of emergency and the Twenty Point Program of 1975. [176] When food stocks slumped after poor harvests in 1972, the government made it a point to use foreign exchange to buy US wheat commercially rather than seek resumption of food aid. [83] In the elections held in January, Congress returned to power with a landslide majority. Indira Gandhi is an Indian Politician and Central Figure of the Indian National Congress Party. His father, Feroze Gandhi, was an Indian politician. Gandhi accused General Zia of supporting Khalistani militants in Punjab. [22] A year later, however, she had to leave university to attend to her ailing mother in Europe. Indira Gandhi: An Intimate Biography. Elections held soon after for legislative assemblies in States ruled by opposition parties resulted in Congress ministries in those states. You can call it socialism; but if by using that word we arouse controversy, I don't see why we should use it. Kamala fainted with the heat of the sun and Feroze went to comfort her. He belonged to the Zoroastrian (Parsi) community of Gujarat. Norman, Dorothy. She wrote to Norman in 1959, irritable that women had organised around the communist cause but had not mobilised for the Indian cause: "The women, whom I have been trying to organize for years, had always refused to come into politics. India is a country of dynasties, and the most famous is the Nehru-Gandhi family. [165][166] Although in time Gandhi came to be viewed as the scourge of the right-wing and reactionary political elements of India, leftist opposition to her policies emerged. [130][131] The Assassination of Mujibur Rahman in 1975 led to the establishment of Islamist military regimes that sought to distance the country from India. Their marriage lasted 18 years until he died of a heart attack in 1960. These steps culminated in party president S. Nijalingappa expelling her from the party for indiscipline. [166] The provisions included rapid enforcement of land ceilings, housing for landless labourers, the abolition of bonded labour and a moratorium on the debts of the poor. [140] Following the rise to power of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in Pakistan in 1978, India's relations with its neighbour reached a nadir. [136] India under Gandhi was alleged to have supported the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) militants in the 1980s to put pressure on Jayewardene to abide by Indian interests. [166] Nevertheless, others have disputed the success of the program and criticised Gandhi for not doing enough to reform land ownership. The assailants had fired 31 bullets at her, of which 30 hit her; 23 had passed through her body while seven remained inside her. 3 November 1994. [203][204][205], Gandhi considered the north-eastern region important, because of its strategic situation. Kehar Singh was later arrested for conspiracy in the attack. During her premiership she formed friendships with many leaders such as West German chancellor, Willy Brandt[156] and Austrian chancellor Bruno Kreisky. Indira Gandhi was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India. Newbury Park, CA: Ghosh, P.S., 1999. [147] Gandhi appreciated the Shah's disregard of Pan-Islamism in diplomacy. Since Singh refused to drop them, Congress withdrew its support and President Reddy dissolved Parliament in August 1979. Dr. Dogra extracted bullets to establish the make of the weapons used and to match each weapon with the bullets recovered by ballistic examination. [161], Gandhi presided over three Five-Year Plans as prime minister, two of which succeeded in meeting their targeted growth. Indira Gandhi was born on 19 November 1917 in Allahbad, United Provinces, British India. [174][175] In light of the circumstances, liberalisation became politically suspect and was soon abandoned. [122] U.S. President Richard Nixon disliked Gandhi personally, referring to her as a "witch" and a "clever fox" in his private communication with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Boston: Shankar, A. Gandhi indicated that she would make no major concessions on Kashmir. [146] There was an increase in Indian economic and military co-operation with Iran during the 1970s. [37], Her first eleven years serving as Prime Minister saw Gandhi evolve from the perception of Congress party leaders as their puppet, to a strong leader with the iron resolve to split the party over her policy positions, or to go to war with Pakistan to liberate Bangladesh. [222] Her egalitarian upbringing with her cousins helped contribute to her sense of natural equality. Addressing the chronic food shortages had that mainly affected the poor Sikh farmers of the Punjab region, Gandhi spurred growth through the introduction of high-yield seeds and irrigation, eventually producing a surplus of grains. However, in May 1976, Gandhi and Bhutto both agreed to reopen diplomatic establishments and normalise relations. His younger brother, Sanjay Gandhi, was a politician. 1944) and Sanjay (b. "[232], Gandhi had been swept up in the call for Indian independence since she was born in 1917. Die Nehru-Gandhi-Familie ist die einflussreichste Politikerfamilie ... Indira Gandhi gelangte 1980 wieder an die Macht und blieb zu ihrer Ermordung 1984 im Amt. However, Mujibur Rahman's pro-India policies antagonised many in Bangladeshi politics and the military, which feared that Bangladesh had become a client state of India. [165][173] Much of that growth, however, was offset by the fact that the external aid promised by the United States government and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), meant to ease the short-run costs of adjustment to a liberalised economy, never materialised. [96], By 1983, the Temple complex had become a fort for many militants. Indira Gandhi is the Third Prime Minister of India and also the Second longest-serving Prime Minister of India after her father Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. In this context, Gandhi was accused of formulating populist policies to suit her political needs. [216] In response to this, Bhutto launched a massive campaign to make Pakistan a nuclear power. The Nehru family is also often referred to as the Nehru-Gandhi family since the Gandhi family name was derived from Feroze Gandhi whom Indira Priyadarshini Nehru got married to and thendecided to change her name. "[222], Gandhi felt guilty about her inability to fully devote her time to her children. [106] Beant Singh shot her three times using his side-arm; Satwant Singh fired 30 rounds. "[226] Gandhi spent a great deal of time throughout the 1950s helping to organise women. Gandhi was elected to the Lok Sabha from the Raebareli constituency. [65], The Emergency saw the entry of Gandhi's younger son, Sanjay Gandhi, into Indian politics. Chief among them was her decision to support V. V. Giri, the independent candidate rather than the official Congress party candidate Neelam Sanjiva Reddy for the vacant position of president of India. Indian diplomats hoped to win Arab support in countering Pakistan in Kashmir. [225] In 1956, she wrote in a letter: "It is because of this that I am taking a much more active part in politics. [2] She was the first and, to date, only female Prime Minister of India. In 2020 Gandhi was named by the Time magazine among world's 100 powerful women who defined the last century[8][9], 3rd and first female Prime Minister of India, First term as Prime Minister between 1966 and 1977, Green Revolution and the Fourth Five-Year Plan, State of Emergency and the Fifth Five-Year Plan, Operation Forward and the Sixth Five-Year Plan, sfn error: no target: CITEREFIndira_Gandhi:_Daughter_of_India2002 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSomervill2007 (. [166] She justified the imposition of the state of emergency in 1975 in the name of the socialist mission of the Congress. New York: Pantheon, 1992. Indira Gandhi will always be remembered for her praiseworthy efforts towards the development and progress of science, space exploration, agriculture and implementing several important policies related to the country’s economy. [196], Victory over Pakistan in 1971 consolidated Indian power in Kashmir. However, they received a final setback when many of them were defeated by huge margins. [250] The Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India which was adopted during the emergency can also be regarded as part of her legacy. After a significant exodus from the party to Singh's faction, Desai resigned in July 1979. As one writer said: "The Indian people were her children; members of her family were the only people capable of leading them. Furthermore, they were also apprehensions in the region about Gandhi's plans, particularly after India played a big role in breaking up Pakistan and facilitating the emergence of Bangladesh as a sovereign country in 1971. It is a known fact that after Rajiv’s birth, Indira Gandhi and Feroze Gandhi lived separately, but they were not divorced. This was characterised by servility and sycophancy towards the family which later turned into a hereditary succession of Gandhi family members to power. In 1979, the government began to unravel over the issue of the dual loyalties of some members to Janata and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)—the Hindu nationalist,[78][79] paramilitary[80] organisation. The Nehru–Gandhi Family is an Indian political family that has occupied a prominent place in the politics of India. Savarkar is one of those who wrote tales of valour for India. Indira's father, Jawaharlal was a well-educated lawyer and an active member of the Indian Independence Movement. His mother, Indira Gandhi, was the former Prime Minister of India. During this time, India was achieving tangible success through advancements of the Green Revolution. That government had the distinction of being India's first-ever elected Communist Government. 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